Isa 30-31 | JFB | STEP | Jewish ambassadors were now on their way to Egypt to seek aid against Assyria (Is 30: ; 31:1). Isaiah denounces this reliance on Egypt rather than on Jehovah. God had prohibited such alliances with heathen nations, and it was a leading part of Jewish polity that they should be a separate people ( ; ). 1. take counsel-- rather, as , imply, "execute counsels." cover ... covering-- that is, wrap themselves in reliances disloyal towards Jehovah. "Cover" thus answers to "seek to hide deeply their counsel from the Lord" ( ). But the Hebrew is literally, "who pour out libations"; as it was by these that leagues were made ( ; ), translate, "who make a league." not of-- not suggested by My Spirit" ( ; ). that they may add-- The consequence is here spoken of as their intention, so reckless were they of sinning: one sin entails the commission of another ( ).

‏ Isaiah 30

CHAPTER 30 Is 30:1-32. The Thirtieth Through Thirty-second Chapters Refer Probably to the Summer of 714 B.C., AS THE Twenty-ninth Chapter to the Passover of That Year.

Jewish ambassadors were now on their way to Egypt to seek aid against Assyria (Is 30:2-6, 15; 31:1). Isaiah denounces this reliance on Egypt rather than on Jehovah. God had prohibited such alliances with heathen nations, and it was a leading part of Jewish polity that they should be a separate people (Ex 23:32; De 7:2).

1. take counsel--rather, as Is 30:4, 6 imply, "execute counsels."

cover ... covering--that is, wrap themselves in reliances disloyal towards Jehovah. "Cover" thus answers to "seek to hide deeply their counsel from the Lord" (Is 29:15). But the Hebrew is literally, "who pour out libations"; as it was by these that leagues were made (Ex 24:8; Zec 9:11), translate, "who make a league."

not of--not suggested by My Spirit" (Nu 27:21; Jos 9:14).

that they may add--The consequence is here spoken of as their intention, so reckless were they of sinning: one sin entails the commission of another (De 29:19).

2. walk--are now setting out, namely, their ambassadors (Is 30:4).

Egypt--See on Is 19:1; Is 20:1.

Pharaoh--the generic name of the kings of Egypt, as Cæsar was at Rome. The word in Egyptian means "king" [Josephus, Antiquities, 8.6,2]. Phra, "the sun," was the hieroglyphic symbol and title of the king.

shadow--image from shelter against heat: protection (Psa 121:5, 6).

3. shame--disappointment. Egypt, weakened by its internal dissensions, can give no solid help.

4. his--Judah's (compare Is 9:21).

at Zoan--are already arrived there on their errand to Pharaoh (see Is 19:11).

came to Hanes--are come there. West of the Nile, in central Egypt: Egyptian Hnes; the Greek Heracleopolis: perhaps the Anysis of Herodotus (2.137); according to Grotius, Tahpanhes contracted (Jr 43:7-9); the seat of a reigning prince at the time, as was Zoan, hence the Jewish ambassadors go to both.

5. (Jr 2:36.)

6. burden--the prophecy as to, &c. [Maurer]; so the Septuagint, the fresh inscription here marks emphatically the prediction that follows. Or, rather, Isaiah sees in vision, the ambassador's beasts burdened with rich presents travelling southwards (namely, to Egypt, Da 11:5, 6), and exclaims, Oh, the burden of treasure on the beasts! &c. (Ho 8:9; 12:1).

land of trouble--the desert between Palestine and Egypt, destitute of water and abounding in dangerous animals (De 8:15; Jr 2:6).

flying serpent--(Is 14:29), a species which springs like a dart from trees, on its prey.

will carry--rather, present, "carry," namely, as presents to Egypt (1Ki 15:19).

young asses--rather, "full-grown asses" [Maurer].

7. "Egypt is vanity, and to no purpose will they help" [G. V. Smith].

strength--Hebrew, Rabah, a designation for Egypt (Is 51:9; Psa 87:4), implying her haughty fierceness; translate, "Therefore I call her Arrogance that sitteth still." She who boasted of the help she would give, when it came to the test, sat still (Is 36:6). English Version agrees with Is 30:15; Is 7:4.

8. table--a tablet (Ha 2:2), which should be set in public, containing the prophecy in a briefer form, to be read by all.

a book--namely, a parchment roll, containing the prophecy in full, for the use of distant posterity. Its truth will be seen hereafter when the event has come to pass. See on Is 8:1; Is 8:16.

for ever and ever--rather read, "For a testimony for ever" [Chaldee, Jerome, Lowth]: "testimony is often joined to the notion of perpetuity (De 31:19, 21, 26).

9. lying--unfaithful to Jehovah, whose covenant they had taken on them as His adopted children (Is 59:13; Pr 30:9).

10. (Mi 2:6, 11; 3:5).

See not--as you now do, foretelling misfortune.

Prophesy not ... right things--Not that they avowedly requested this, but their conduct virtually expressed it. No man, professedly, wished to be deceived; but many seek a kind of teaching which is deceit; and which, if they would examine, they might know to be such (1Ki 22:13). The Jews desired success to be foretold as the issue of their league with Egypt, though ill had been announced by God's prophet as the result; this constituted the "deceits."

11. Depart from the true "way" (so in Ac 19:9, 23) of religion.

cause ... to cease--Let us hear no more of His name. God's holiness is what troubles sinners most.

12. Holy One--Isaiah so little yields to their wicked prejudices that he repeats the very name and truth which they disliked.

this word--Isaiah's exhortation to reliance on Jehovah.

oppression--whereby they levied the treasures to be sent to conciliate Egypt (Is 30:6).

perverseness--in relying on Egypt, rather than on Jehovah.

13. Image from a curve swelling out in a wall (Psa 62:3); when the former gives way, it causes the downfall of the whole wall; so their policy as to Egypt.

14. he--the enemy; or rather, God (Psa 2:9; Jr 19:11).

It--the Jewish state.

potter's vessel--earthen and fragile.

sherd--a fragment of the vessel large enough to take up a live coal, &c.

pit--cistern or pool. The swell of the wall is at first imperceptible and gradual, but at last it comes to the crisis; so the decay of the Jewish state.

15. returning and rest--turning back from your embassy to Egypt, and ceasing from warlike preparations.

quietness--answering to "wait for Him (God)" (Is 30:18).

16. flee--not as fugitives, but we will speed our course; namely, against the Assyrians, by the help of cavalry supplied by Egypt (Is 31:1). This was expressly against the Mosaic law (De 17:16; see on Is 2:7; Ho 14:3).

shall ... flee--literally, "before your enemies"; their sin and its punishment correspond.

17. One thousand--A thousand at once, or, "As one man" [Maurer].

rebuke--the battle cry.

shall ye--at the rebuke of five shall ye, namely, all (in contrast to the "one thousand") flee so utterly that even two shall not be left together, but each one shall be as solitary "as a signal staff" [G. V. Smith], or "a banner on a hill" (Is 5:26; 11:12). The signal staff was erected to rally a nation in war. The remnant of Jews left would be beacons to warn all men of the justice of God, and the truth of His threatenings. Gesenius (from Le 26:8; De 32:30) arbitrarily inserts "ten thousand." "At the rebuke of five shall ten thousand of you flee."

18. therefore--on account of your wicked perverseness (Is 30:1, 2, 9, 15, 16), Jehovah will delay to be gracious [Horsley]. Rather, wait or delay in punishing, to give you time for repentance (Is 30:13, 14, 17) [Maurer]. Or, "Yet therefore" (namely, because of the distress spoken of in the previous verses; that distress will lead the Jews to repentance, and so Jehovah will pity them) [Gesenius].

be exalted--Men will have more elevated views of God's mercy; or else, "He will rise up to pity you" [G. V. Smith]. Or (taking the previous clause as Maurer, "Therefore Jehovah will delay" in punishing you, "in order that He may be gracious to you," if ye repent), He will be far removed from you (so in Psa 10:5, far above out sight); that is, He will not immediately descend to punish, "in order that He may have mercy," &c.

judgment--justice; faithfulness to His covenant.

wait--compare Is 30:15, wait, namely, for His times of having mercy.

19. (Is 65:9). The restoration from Babylon only typifies the full accomplishment of the prophecy (Is 30:18-33).

weep no more--(Is 25:8).

thy cry--(Is 26:8, 9; Jr 29:12-14).

20. Rather, "The Lord will give"; the "though" is not in the original.

bread of adversity--He will not deny you food enough to save you in your adversity (1Ki 22:27; Psa 127:2).

be removed--rather, "hide themselves"; they shall no more be forced to hide themselves from persecution, but shall be openly received with reverence [Maurer]. Contrast with this Psa 74:9; Am 8:11.

21. word--conscience, guided by the Holy Spirit (Joh 16:13).

22. covering of ... images--rather, "images" (formed of wood or potter's clay, and) "covered with silver." Hezekiah, and afterwards Josiah, defiled them (2Ki 23:8, 10, 14, 16; 2Ch 31:1; compare Is 2:20; De 7:25).

23. rain of--rather, "for thy seed." Physical prosperity accompanies national piety; especially under the Old Testament. The early rain fell soon after the seed was sown in October or November; the latter rain in the spring, before the ripening of the corn. Both were needed for a good harvest.

increase--the produce.

fat--bread made of the best wheat flour (compare Ge 49:20; De 32:14).

24. ear--that is, till. Asses were employed in tillage, as well as oxen (De 22:10).

clean--rather, salted provender [Gesenius]. The Arab proverb is, "Sweet provender is as bread to camels--salted provender as confectionery." The very cattle shall share the coming felicity. Or else, well-fermented maslin, that is, provender formed of a mixture of various substances: grain, beans, vetches, hay, and salt.

winnowed--not as it is usually given to cattle before it is separated from the chaff; the grain shall be so abundant that it shall be given winnowed.

shovel--by which the grain was thrown up in the wind to separate it from the chaff.

fan--an instrument for winnowing.

25. Even the otherwise barren hills shall then be well-watered (Is 44:3).

the day, &c.--when the disobedient among the Jews shall have been slain, as foretold in Is 30:16: "towers," that is, mighty men (Is 2:15). Or else, the towers of the Assyrian Sennacherib, or of Babylon, types of all enemies of God's people.

26. Image from the heavenly bodies to express the increase of spiritual light and felicity. "Sevenfold" implies the perfection of that felicity, seven being the sacred number. It shall also be literally fulfilled hereafter in the heavenly city (Is 60:19, 20; Re 21:23, 24; 22:5).

breach--the wound, or calamity, sent by God on account of their sins (Is 1:5).

27. name of ... Lord--that is, Jehovah Himself (Psa 44:5; 54:1); represented as a storm approaching and ready to burst over the Assyrians (Is 30:30, 31).

burden ... is heavy--literally, "grievousness is the flame," that is, the flame which darts from Him is grievous. Or else (as the Hebrew means an "uplifting") the uprising cloud is grievous [G. V. Smith]; the gathering cloud gradually rising till it bursts.

28. (Is 11:4; 2Th 2:8).

reach ... neck--the most extreme danger; yet as the head, or capital of Judah, was to be spared (Is 8:8), so the head, or sovereign of Assyria, Sennacherib, should escape.

sieve of vanity--Rather, "the winnowing fan of destruction" [Lowth] (Is 41:16).

bridle in ... jaws--as prisoners are represented in the Assyrian inscriptions (Is 37:29).

causing ... to err--(Is 63:17). "People," Hebrew, "peoples," namely, the various races composing the Assyrian armies (Is 5:26).

29. the night ... solemnity--As in the passover night ye celebrate your deliverance from Egypt, so shall ye celebrate your rescue from Assyrian bondage. Translate, "the solemnity" (Ex 12:42).

goeth with a pipe--or flute. They used to go up to Jerusalem ("the mountain of the Lord," Zion) at the three feasts with music and gladness (De 16:16; Ezr 2:65; Psa 122:1-4).

30. Jehovah's "glorious voice," raised against the enemy (Is 30:27), is again mentioned here, in contrast to the music (Is 30:29) with which His people shall come to worship Him.

lighting down of ... arm--(Is 30:32; Psa 38:2). The descent of His arm in striking.

scattering--namely, a blast that scatters, or an "inundation" [Maurer].

31. The Assyrian rod which beat shall itself be beaten, and that by the mere voice of the Lord, that is, an unseen divine agency (Is 10:5, 24).

32. grounded--rather, "decreed," "appointed" [Maurer].

staff--the avenging rod.

him--the Assyrian; type of all God's enemies in every age. Margin and Maurer construe, "Every passing through (infliction, Is 28:15) of the appointed rod, which, &c., shall be with tabrets," that is, accompanied with joy on the part of the rescued peoples.

battles of shaking--that is, shock of battles (Is 19:16; compare "sift ... sieve," Is 30:28).

with it--namely, Assyria.

33. Tophet--literally, "A place of abomination"; the valley of the sons of Hinnom, southeast of Jerusalem, where Israel offered human sacrifices to Moloch by fire; hence a place of burning (2Ki 23:10; Jr 7:31). Latterly Gehinnom or Gehenna, that is, valley of Hinnom, was the receptacle of the refuse of the city, to consume which fires were constantly burning. Hence it came to express hell, the place of torment. In the former sense it was a fit place to symbolize the funeral pyre of the Assyrian army (not that it actually perished there); the Hebrews did not burn, but buried their dead, but the heathen Assyrians are to be burnt as a mark of ignominy. In the latter sense Tophet is the receptacle "prepared for the devil (antitype to the king, Is 14:12-15) and his angels," and unbelieving men (Mt 5:22; 25:41; Mr 9:43, 44).

‏ Isaiah 31

CHAPTER 31 Is 31:1-9. The Chief Strength of the Egyptian Armies Lay in Their Cavalry.

1. and stay on horses, and trust in chariots--In their level and fertile plains horses could easily be used and fed (Ex 14:9; 1Ki 10:28). In hilly Palestine horses were not so easily had or available. The Jews were therefore the more eager to get Egyptian chariots as allies against the Assyrian cavalry. In Assyrian sculptures chariots are represented drawn by three horses, and with three men in them (see Is 36:9; Psa 20:7; Da 9:13).

2. he also is wise--as well as the Egyptian priests, so famed for wisdom (Ac 7:22), but who are "fools" before Him (Is 19:11). He not only devises, but executes what He devises without "calling back His words" (Nu 23:19).

home--the whole race.

help--the Egyptian succor sought by the Jews.

3. not spirit--not of divine power (Psa 56:4; 146:3, 5; Zec 4:6).

he that helpeth--Egypt.

holpen--Judah.

4. (Is 42:13; Ho 11:10).

roaring on--"growling over" his prey.

abase himself--be disheartened or frightened.

5. As in the image of "the lion," the point of comparison is the fearless might of Jehovah; so in that of the birds, it is His solicitous affection (De 32:11; Psa 91:4; Mt 23:37).

flying--Rather, "which defend" their young with their wings; "to fly" is a secondary meaning of the Hebrew word [Maurer]. "Hovering over" to protect their young [G. V. Smith].

passing over--as the destroying angel passing over, so as to spare the blood-marked houses of the Israelites on the first passover (Ex 12:13, 23, 27). He passed, or leaped forward [Lowth], to destroy the enemy and to spare His people.

6. The power and love of Jehovah, just mentioned, are the strongest incentives for returning to Him (Eze 16:62, 63; Ho 6:1).

ye ... Israel--The change of person marks that when they return to the Lord, He will address them in more direct terms of communion in the second person; so long as they were revolters, God speaks of them, as more at a distance, in the third person, rather than to them.

7. In the day of trial the idols will be found to render no help and will therefore be cast away. Compare as to the future restoration and conversion of Israel simultaneously with the interposition of Jehovah in its defense, Zec 12:9-14; 13:1, 2.

for a sin--that is, whereby especially you contracted guilt (1Ki 12:30).

8. Assyrian--Sennacherib, representative of some powerful head of the ungodly in the latter ages [Horsley].

sword, not of ... mighty ... mean man--but by the unseen sword of God.

flee--Sennacherib alone fled homewards after his army had been destroyed (Is 37:37).

young men--the flower of his army.

discomfited--rather, "shall be subject to slavery"; literally, "shall be liable to tribute," that is, personal service (De 20:11; Jos 9:21) [Maurer]. Or, not so well, "shall melt away" [Rosenmuller].

9. Rather, "shall pass beyond his strongholds"; he Shall not stop to take refuge in it through fear (Jud 20:47; Jr 48:28) [Gesenius].

ensign--the banner of Jehovah protecting the Jews [Maurer].

fire ... furnace--"light" and "fire," namely, of Jehovah's altar at Jerusalem (Is 29:1). Perhaps "furnace," as distinguished from "fire," may mean that His dwelling-place (His hearth) was at Jerusalem (compare Is 4:5); or else the fiery furnace awaiting all the enemies who should attack Jerusalem.