‏ Isaiah 15

CHAPTER 15

Is 15:1-9. The Fifteenth and Sixteenth Chapters Form One Prophecy on Moab.

Lowth thinks it was delivered in the first years of Hezekiah's reign and fulfilled in the fourth when Shalmaneser, on his way to invade Israel, may have seized on the strongholds of Moab. Moab probably had made common cause with Israel and Syria in a league against Assyria. Hence it incurred the vengeance of Assyria. Jeremiah has introduced much of this prophecy into his forty-eighth chapter.

1. Because--rather, "Surely"; literally, "(I affirm) that" [Maurer].

night--the time best suited for a hostile incursion (Is 21:4; Jr 39:4).

Ar--meaning in Hebrew, "the city"; the metropolis of Moab, on the south of the river Arnon.

Kir--literally, "a citadel"; not far from Ar, towards the south.

He--Moab personified.

Bajith--rather, "to the temple" [Maurer]; answering to the "sanctuary" (Is 16:12), in a similar context.

to Dibon--Rather, as Dibon was in a plain north of the Arnon, "Dibon (is gone up) to the high places," the usual places of sacrifice in the East. Same town as Dimon (Is 15:9).

to weep--at the sudden calamity.

over Nebo--rather "in Nebo"; not "on account of" Nebo (compare Is 15:3) [Maurer]. The town Nebo was adjacent to the mountain, not far from the northern shore of the Dead Sea. There it was that Chemosh, the idol of Moab, was worshipped (compare De 34:1).

Medeba--south of Heshbon, on a hill east of Jordan.

baldness ... beard cut off--The Orientals regarded the beard with peculiar veneration. To cut one's beard off is the greatest mark of sorrow and mortification (compare Jr 48:37).

3. tops of ... houses--flat; places of resort for prayer, &c., in the East (Ac 10:9).

weeping abundantly--"melting away in tears." Horsley prefers "descending to weep." Thus there is a "parallelism by alternate construction" [Lowth], or chiasmus; "howl" refers to "tops of houses." "Descending to weep" to "streets" or squares, whither they descend from the housetops.

4. Heshbon--an Amorite city, twenty miles east of Jordan; taken by Moab after the carrying away of Israel (compare Jr 48:1-47).

Elealeh--near Heshbon, in Reuben.

Jahaz--east of Jordan, in Reuben. Near it Moses defeated Sihon.

therefore--because of the sudden overthrow of their cities. Even the armed men, instead of fighting in defense of their land, shall join in the general cry.

life, &c.--rather, "his soul is grieved" (1Sa 1:8) [Maurer].

5. My--The prophet himself is moved with pity for Moab. Ministers, in denouncing the wrath of God against sinners, should do it with tender sorrow, not with exultation.

fugitives--fleeing from Moab, wander as far as to Zoar, on the extreme boundary south of the Dead Sea. Horsley translates, "her nobility," or "rulers" (Ho 4:18).

heifer, &c.--that is, raising their voices "like a heifer" (compare Jr 48:34, 36). The expression "three years old," implies one at its full vigor (Ge 15:9), as yet not brought under the yoke; as Moab heretofore unsubdued, but now about to be broken. So Jr 31:18; Ho 4:13. Maurer translates, "Eglath" (in English Version, "a heifer") Shelishijah (that is, the third, to distinguish it from two others of the same name).

by the mounting up--up the ascent.

Luhith--a mountain in Moab.

Horonaim--a town of Moab not far from Zoar (Jr 48:5). It means "the two poles," being near caves.

cry of destruction--a cry appropriate to the destruction which visits their country.

6. For--the cause of their flight southwards (2Ki 3:19, 25). "For" the northern regions and even the city Nimrim (the very name of which means "limpid waters," in Gilead near Jordan) are without water or herbage.

7. Therefore--because of the devastation of the land.

abundance--literally, "that which is over and above" the necessaries of life.

brook of ... willows--The fugitives flee from Nimrim, where the waters have failed, to places better watered. Margin has "valley of Arabians"; that is, to the valley on the boundary between them and Arabia-Petræa; now Wady-el Arabah. "Arabia" means a "desert."

8. Eglaim--(Eze 47:10), En-eglaim. Not the Agalum of Eusebius, eight miles from Areopolis towards the south; the context requires a town on the very borders of Moab or beyond them.

Beer-elim--literally, "the well of the Princes"--(so Nu 21:16-18). Beyond the east borders of Moab.

9. Dimon--same as Dibon (Is 15:2). Its waters are the Arnon.

full of blood--The slain of Moab shall be so many.

bring more--fresh calamities, namely, the "lions" afterwards mentioned (2Ki 17:25; Jr 5:6; 15:3). Vitringa understands Nebuchadnezzar as meant by "the lion"; but it is plural, "lions." The "more," or in Hebrew, "additions," he explains of the addition made to the waters of Dimon by the streams of blood of the slain.

‏ Isaiah 16

CHAPTER 16

Is 16:1-14. Continuation of the Prophecy as to Moab.

1. lamb--advice of the prophet to the Moabites who had fled southwards to Idumea, to send to the king of Judah the tribute of lambs, which they had formerly paid to Israel, but which they had given up (2Ki 3:4, 5). David probably imposed this tribute before the severance of Judah and Israel (2Sa 8:2). Therefore Moab is recommended to gain the favor and protection of Judah, by paying it to the Jewish king. Type of the need of submitting to Messiah (Psa 2:10-12; Ro 12:1).

from Sela to--rather, "from Petra through (literally, 'towards') the wilderness" [Maurer]. "Sela" means "a rock," Petra in Greek; the capital of Idumea and Arabia-Petræa; the dwellings are mostly hewn out of the rock. The country around was a vast common ("wilderness") or open pasturage, to which the Moabites had fled on the invasion from the west (Is 15:7).

ruler of the land--namely, of Idumea, that is, the king of Judah; Amaziah had become master of Idumea and Sela (2Ki 14:7).

2. cast out of ... nest--rather, "as a brood cast out" (in apposition with "a wandering bird," or rather, wandering birds), namely, a brood just fledged and expelled from the nest in which they were hatched [Horsley]. Compare Is 10:14; De 32:11.

daughters of Moab--that is, the inhabitants of Moab. So 2Ki 19:21; Psa 48:11; Jr 46:11; La 4:22 [Maurer].

at the fords--trying to cross the boundary river of Moab, in order to escape out of the land. Ewald and Maurer make "fords" a poetical expression for "the dwellers on Arnon," answering to the parallel clause of the same sense, "daughters of Moab."

3-5. Gesenius, Maurer, &c., regard these verses as an address of the fugitive Moabites to the Jews for protection; they translate Is 16:4, "Let mine outcasts of Moab dwell with thee, Judah"; the protection will be refused by the Jews, for the pride of Moab (Is 16:6). Vitringa makes it an additional advice to Moab, besides paying tribute. Give shelter to the Jewish outcasts who take refuge in thy land (Is 16:3, 4); so "mercy" will be shown thee in turn by whatever king sits on the "throne" of "David" (Is 16:5). Isaiah foresees that Moab will be too proud to pay the tribute, or conciliate Judah by sheltering its outcasts (Is 16:6); therefore judgment shall be executed. However, as Moab just before is represented as itself an outcast in Idumea, it seems incongruous that it should be called on to shelter Jewish outcasts. So that it seems rather to foretell the ruined state of Moab when its people should beg the Jews for shelter, but be refused for their pride.

make ... shadow as ... night ... in ... noonday--emblem of a thick shelter from the glaring noonday heat (Is 4:6; 25:4; 32:2).

bewray ... wandereth--Betray not the fugitive to his pursuer.

6. We--Jews. We reject Moab's supplication for his pride.

lies--false boasts.

not be so--rather, "not right"; shall prove vain (Is 25:10; Jr 48:29, 30; Zep 2:8). "It shall not be so; his lies shall not so effect it."

7. Therefore--all hope of being allowed shelter by the Jews being cut off.

foundations--that is, "ruins"; because, when houses are pulled down, the "foundations" alone are left (Is 58:12). Jeremiah, in the parallel place (Jr 48:31), renders it "men," who are the moral foundations or stay of a city.

Kirhareseth--literally, "a citadel of brick."

surely they are stricken--rather, joined with "mourn"; "Ye shall mourn utterly stricken" [Maurer and Horsley].

8. fields--vine-fields (De 32:32).

vine of Sibmah--near Heshbon: namely, languishes.

lords of ... heathen--The heathen princes, the Assyrians, &c., who invaded Moab, destroyed his vines. So Jeremiah in the parallel place (Jr 48:32, 33). Maurer thinks the following words require rather the rendering, "Its (the vine of Sibmah) shoots (the wines got from them) overpowered (by its generous flavor and potency) the lords of the nations" (Ge 49:11, 12, 22).

come ... Jazer--They (the vine shoots) reached even to Jazer, fifteen miles from Heshbon.

wandered--They overran in wild luxuriance the wilderness of Arabia, encompassing Moab.

the sea--the Dead Sea; or else some lake near Jazer now dry; in Jr 48:32 called "the sea of Jazer"; but see on Jr 48:32 (Psa 80:8-11).

9. I--will bewail for its desolation, though I belong to another nation (see on Is 15:5).

with ... weeping of Jazer--as Jazer weeps.

shouting for ... fallen--rather, "Upon thy summer fruits and upon thy luxuriant vines the shouting (the battle shout, instead of the joyous shout of the grape-gatherers, usual at the vintage) is fallen" (Is 16:10; Jr 25:30; 51:14). In the parallel passage (Jr 48:32) the words substantially express the same sense. "The spoiler is fallen upon thy summer fruits."

10. gladness--such as is felt in gathering a rich harvest. There shall be no harvest or vintage owing to the desolation; therefore no "gladness."

11. bowels--in Scripture the seat of yearning compassion. It means the inward seat of emotion, the heart, &c. (Is 63:15; compare Is 15:5; Jr 48:36).

sound ... harp--as its strings vibrate when beaten with the plectrum or hand.

12. when it is seen that--rather, "When Moab shall have appeared (before his gods; compare Ex 23:15), when he is weary (that is, when he shall have fatigued himself with observing burdensome rites; 1Ki 18:26, &c.), on the high place (compare Is 15:2), and shall come to his sanctuary (of the idol Chemosh on Mount Nebo) to pray, he shall not prevail"; he shall effect nothing by his prayers [Maurer].

13. since that time--rather, "respecting that time" [Horsley]. Barnes translates it, "formerly" in contrast to "but now" (Is 16:14): heretofore former prophecies (Ex 15:15; Nu 21:29) have been given as to Moab, of which Isaiah has given the substance: but now a definite and steady time also is fixed.

14. three years ... hireling--Just as a hireling has his fixed term of engagement, which neither he nor his master will allow to be added to or to be taken from, so the limit within which Moab is to fall is unalterably fixed (Is 21:16). Fulfilled about the time when the Assyrians led Israel into captivity. The ruins of Elealeh, Heshbon, Medeba, Dibon, &c., still exist to confirm the inspiration of Scripture. The accurate particularity of specification of the places three thousand years ago, confirmed by modern research, is a strong testimony to the truth of prophecy.