▼tn Grk “Paul.” The word “from” is not in the Greek text, but has been supplied to indicate the sender of the letter.

▼tn Grk “Grace to you and peace.”

▼tc ‡ Most witnesses (א A F G I 0278 1175 1241 1505 2464 Maj lat sy sa) have ἡμῶν (hēmōn) after πατρός (patros), reading “God our Father,” in apparent emulation of Paul’s almost universal style. The omission of the pronoun (the reading of B D P 0111vid 33 1739 1881 SBL) seems to be the earlier wording of this salutation. As well, the intrinsic evidence also supports the shorter reading: If 2 Thessalonians is authentic, it was one of Paul’s earliest letters, and, if so, his stereotyped salutation was still in embryonic form (see discussion at 1 Thess 1:1). NA28 places the word in brackets, indicating some doubts as to its authenticity.