My little children ( τεκνια μου ). Tender tone with this diminutive of  τεκνον (child), again in 2:12; 3:18, but  παιδια in 2:14. John is now an old man and regards his readers as his little children. That attitude is illustrated in the story of his visit to the robber to win him to Christ.

That ye may not sin ( ινα μη αμαρτητε ). Purpose (negative) clause with  ινα μη and the second aorist (ingressive, commit sin) active subjunctive of  αμαρτανω, to sin. John has no patience with professional perfectionists (1:8-10), but he has still less with loose-livers like some of the Gnostics who went to all sorts of excesses without shame.

If any man sin ( εαν τις αμαρτη ). Third-class condition with  εαν and second aorist (ingressive) active subjunctive again, "if one commit sin."

We have ( εχομεν ). Present active indicative of  εχω in the apodosis, a present reality like  εχομεν in 2Co 5:1.

An advocate ( παρακλητον ). See on Joh 14:16,26; 15:26; 16:7 for this word, nowhere else in the N.T. The Holy Spirit is God's Advocate on earth with men, while Christ is man's Advocate with the Father (the idea, but not the word, in Ro 8:31-39; Heb 7:25). As  δικαιος (righteous) Jesus is qualified to plead our case and to enter the Father's presence (Heb 2:18).

And he ( κα αυτος ). He himself in his own person, both priest and sacrifice (Heb 9:14).

The propitiation ( ιλασμος ). Late substantive from  ιλασκομα (Lu 18:13; Heb 2:17), in LXX, Philo, Plutarch, in N.T. only here and 4:10. Christ himself is the means of propitiation for ( περ concerning) our sins. See  ιλαστηριον in Ro 3:15.

For the whole world ( περ ολου του κοσμου ). It is possible to supply the ellipsis here of  των αμαρτιων (the sins of) as we have it in Heb 7:27, but a simpler way is just to regard "the whole world" as a mass of sin (5:19). At any rate, the propitiation by Christ provides for salvation for all (Heb 2:9) if they will only be reconciled with God (2Co 5:19-21).

Hereby ( εν τουτω ). See this phrase also in 2:5; 3:16,19,24; 4:2,13; 5:2. That is explained by the  εαν clause, "if we keep his commandments " ( εαν τηρωμεν, condition of the third class,  εαν with present active subjunctive, "if we keep on keeping"), the clause itself in apposition with  τουτω (locative case).

Know we that we know him ( γινοσκομεν οτ εγνωκαμεν αυτον ). "Know we that we have come to know and still know him,"  εγνωκαμεν the perfect active indicative of  γινωσκω. The Gnostics boasted of their superior knowledge of Christ, and John here challenges their boast by an appeal to experimental knowledge of Christ which is shown by keeping his ( αυτου, Christ's) commandments, thoroughly Johannine phrase (12 times in the Gospel, 6 in this Epistle, 6 in the Apocalypse).

I know him ( Εγνωκα αυτον ). Perfect active indicative with recitative  οτ like quotation marks just before it. This is one of the pious platitudes, cheap claptrap of the Gnostics, who would bob up in meetings with such explosions. John punctures such bubbles with the sharp addition "and keepeth not" ( ο μη τηρων, present active linear participle). "The one who keeps on saying: 'I have come to know him,' and keeps on not keeping his commandments is a liar" ( ψευστης, just like Satan, Joh 8:44 and like 1Jo 1:8,10), followed by the negative statement as in 1:8,10. There is a whip-cracker effect in John's words.

But whoso keepeth ( ος δ' αν τηρη ). Indefinite relative clause with modal  αν and the present active subjunctive, "whoever keeps on keeping."

Verily ( αληθως ). Truly, of a truth. This prize is open to all, not confined to a few initiated Gnostic intellectuals or pneumatics.

Hath the love of God been perfected ( η αγαπη του θεου τετελειωτα ). Perfect passive indicative of  τελειοω, stands completed. Probably objective genitive, our love for God, which is realized in absolute obedience (Brooke).

Hereby ( εν τουτω ). That is by continuous keeping of Christ's commandments, not by loud talk and loose living.

Himself also to walk ( κα αυτος περιπατειν ). Present active infinitive after  οφειλε (ought), "Himself also to keep on walking," a continuous performance, not a spasmodic spurt.

Even as he walked ( καθως εκεινος περιεπατησεν ). Constative aorist active indicative summing up the life of Christ on earth with the emphatic use of the demonstrative  εκεινος in reference to Christ as in 3:3,5,7,16; 4:17; Joh 7:11; 9:12,28; 19:21.

Beloved ( αγαπητο ). First instance of this favourite form of address in these Epistles (3:2,21; 4:1,7; 3Jo 1,2,5,11).

No new commandment ( ουκ εντολην καινην ). Not novel or new in kind ( καινην as distinct from  νεος, new in time, for which distinction see Lu 5:33-38).

But an old commandment ( αλλ' εντολην παλαιαν ). Ancient as opposed both to  καινος and  νεος. The Mosaic law taught love for one's neighbours and Christ taught love even of enemies.

Which ye had ( ην ειχετε ). Imperfect active, reaching back to the beginning of their Christian lives ( απ' αρχης ). They had heard it expressly from Jesus (Joh 13:34), who, however, calls it "a new commandment."

Again a new commandment ( παλιν εντολην καινην ). Paradox, but truth. Old in teaching (as old as the story of Cain and Abel, 3:11f.), but new in practice. For this use of  παλιν for a new turn see Joh 16:28. To walk as Christ walked is to put in practice the old commandment and so make it new (ever new and fresh), as love is as old as man and fresh in every new experience.

True in him and in you ( αληθες εν αυτω κα εν υμιν ). This newness is shown supremely in Christ and in disciples when they walk as Jesus did (verse 6).

Because ( οτ ). Explanation of the paradox.

Is passing away ( παραγετα ). Present middle indicative of  παραγω, old verb, to lead by, to go by (intransitive), as in Mt 20:30. Night does pass by even if slowly. See this verb in verse 17 of the world passing by like a procession.

True ( αληθινον ). Genuine, reliable, no false flicker.

Already shineth ( ηδη φαινε ). Linear present active, "is already shining" and the darkness is already passing by. Dawn is here. Is John thinking of the second coming of Christ or of the victory of truth over error, of light over darkness (cf. Joh 1:5-9), the slow but sure victory of Christ over Satan as shown in the Apocalypse? See 1:5.

And hateth his brother ( κα τον αδελφον αυτου μισων ). Sharp contrast between the love just described and hate. The only way to walk in the light (1:7) is to have fellowship with God who is light (1:3,5). So the claim to be in the light is nullified by hating a brother.

Even until now ( εως αρτ ). Up till this moment. In spite of the increasing light and his own boast he is in the dark.

Abideth ( μενε ). Present active indicative, continues in the light and so does not interrupt the light by hating his brother.

Occasion of stumbling ( σκανδαλον ). See on Mt 13:41; 16:23 for this interesting word. It is a stumbling block or trap either in the way of others (its usual sense), as in Mt 18:7, or in one's own way, as is true of  προσκοπτω in Joh 11:9 and in verse 11 here. But, as Westcott argues, John may very well have the usual meaning here and the other in verse 11.

Blinded ( ετυφλωσεν ). First aorist active indicative of  τυφλοω, the very verb and form used in 2Co 4:4 of the god of this age to keep men from beholding the illumination of the gospel of the glory of Christ who is the image of God. The first part of the verse repeats verse 9, but adds this vivid touch of the blinding power of darkness. In the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky the fish in Echo River have eye-sockets, but no eyes.

I write ( γραφω ). Present active indicative, repeated three times, referring to this Epistle. For "the name" see 3:23; 3Jo 1:7. They were loyal to the name of Christ (Mt 10:22).

Are forgiven ( αφεωντα ). Doric perfect passive indicative of  αφιημ (seen also in Lu 5:20,23) for the usual  αφειντα.  Τεκνια (little children) probably includes all, as in verse 1.

Fathers ( πατερες ). Those mature believers with long and rich experience ( εγνωκατε, ye have come to know and still know).

Him which is from the beginning ( τον απ' αρχης ). See 1:1 as explaining this crisp description of the Word of life (cf. Joh 1:1-18).

Young men ( νεανισκο ). The younger element in contrast to the fathers, full of vigor and conflict and victory.

Ye have overcome the evil one ( νενικηκατε τον πονηρον ). Perfect active indicative of  νικαω, a permanent victory after conflict. The masculine article  τον shows that the prince of darkness is the one defeated in this struggle, the devil plain in 3:8,10 (Joh 8:44; 13:2).

I have written ( εγραψα ). Repeated three times. Epistolary aorist referring to this Epistle, not to a previous Epistle. Law (Tests of Life, p. 309) suggests that John was interrupted at the close of verse 13 and resumes here in verse 14 with a reference to what he had previously written in verse 13. But that is needless ingenuity. It is quite in John's style to repeat himself with slight variations.

The Father ( τον πατερα ). The heavenly Father as all of God's children should come to know him. He repeats from verse 13 what he said to "fathers." To the young men he adds  ισχυρο (strong) and the word of God abiding in them. That is what makes them powerful ( ισχυρο ) and able to gain the victory over the evil one.

Love not the world ( μη αγαπατε τον κοσμον ). Prohibition with  μη and the present active imperative of  αγαπαω, either stop doing it or do not have the habit of doing it. This use of  κοσμος is common in John's Gospel (1:10; 17:14ff.) and appears also in 1Jo 5:19. In epitome the Roman Empire represented it. See it also in Jas 4:4. It confronts every believer today.

If any man love ( εαν τις αγαπα ). Third-class condition with  εαν and present active subjunctive of  αγαπαω (same form as indicative), "if any keep on loving the world."

The love of the Father ( η αγαπη του πατρος ). Objective genitive, this phrase only here in N.T., with which compare "love of God" in 2:5. In antithesis to love of the world.

All that ( παν το ). Collective use of the neuter singular as in 5:4, like  παν ο in Joh 6:37,39. Three examples, not necessarily covering all sins, are given in the nominative in apposition with  παν το. "The lust of the flesh" ( η επιθυμια της σαρκος, subjective genitive, lust felt by the flesh) may be illustrated by Mr 4:19; Ga 5:17. So the genitive with  η επιθυμια των οφθαλμων (the lust of the eyes) is subjective, lust with the eyes as organs as shown by Jesus in Mt 5:28. The use of the "movies" today for gain by lustful exhibitions is a case in point. For  αλαζονεια see on Jas 4:16, the only other N.T. example.  Αλαζων (a boaster) occurs in Ro 1:30; 2Ti 3:2.  Βιος (life) as in 3:17 is the external aspect (Lu 8:14), not the inward principle ( ζωη ). David Smith thinks that, as in the case of Eve (Ge 3:1-6) and the temptations of Jesus (Mt 4:1-11), these three sins include all possible sins. But they are all "of the world" ( εκ του κοσμου ) in origin, in no sense "of the Father" ( εκ του πατρος ). The problem for the believer is always how to be in the world and yet not of it (Joh 17:11,14ff.).

Passeth away ( παραγετα ). "Is passing by" (linear action, present middle indicative), as in verse 8. There is consolation in this view of the transitoriness of the conflict with the world. Even the lust which belongs to the world passes also. The one who keeps on doing ( ποιων present active participle of  ποιεω ) the will of God "abides for ever" ( μενε εις τον αιωνα ) "amid the flux of transitory things" (D. Smith).

It is the last hour ( εσχατη ωρα εστιν ). This phrase only here in N.T., though John often uses  ωρα for a crisis (Joh 2:4; 4:21,23; 5:25,28, etc.). It is anarthrous here and marks the character of the "hour." John has seven times "the last day" in the Gospel. Certainly in verse 28 John makes it plain that the  παρουσια might come in the life of those then living, but it is not clear that here he definitely asserts it as a fact. It was his hope beyond a doubt. We are left in doubt about this "last hour" whether it covers a period, a series, or the final climax of all just at hand.

As ye heard ( καθως ηκουσατε ). First aorist active indicative of  ακουω.

Antichrist cometh ( αντιχριστος ερχετα ). "Is coming." Present futuristic or prophetic middle indicative retained in indirect assertion. So Jesus taught (Mr 13:6,22; Mt 24:5,15,24) and so Paul taught (Ac 20:30; 2Th 2:3). These false Christs (Mt 24:24; Mr 13:22) are necessarily antichrists, for there can be only one.  Αντ can mean substitution or opposition, but both ideas are identical in the word  αντιχριστος (in N.T. only here, 2:22; 4:3; 2Jo 1:7). Westcott rightly observes that John's use of the word is determined by the Christian conception, not by the Jewish apocalypses.

Have there arisen ( γεγονασιν ). Second perfect active indicative of  γινομα.

Many antichrists ( αντιχριστο πολλο ). Not just one, but the exponents of the Gnostic teaching are really antichrists, just as some modern deceivers deserve this title.

Whereby ( οθεν ). By the fact that these many antichrists have come.

From us ( εξ ημων )

--of us ( εξ ημων ). The same idiom,  εξ and the ablative case ( ημων ), but in different senses to correspond with  εξηλθαν (they went out from our membership) and  ουκ ησαν (they were not of us in spirit and life). For  εξ in the sense of origin see Joh 17:15, for  εξ in the sense of likeness, Joh 17:14.

For if they had been of us ( ε γαρ εξ ημων ησαν ). Condition of second class with  ε and imperfect tense (no aorist for  ειμ ).

They would have continued ( μεμενηκεισαν αν ). Past perfect of  μενω, to remain, without augment, with  αν in apodosis of second-class condition.

With us ( μεθ' ημων ). In fellowship, for which see  μετα in 1:3. They had lost the inner fellowship and then apparently voluntarily broke the outward.

But they went ( αλλ' ). Ellipsis of the verb  εξηλθαν above, a common habit (ellipse) in John s Gospel (1:8; 9:3; 13:18; 15:25).

That they might be made manifest ( ινα φανερωθωσιν ). Purpose clause with  ινα and the first aorist passive subjunctive of  φανεροω, for which verb see Joh 21:1; Col 3:4. See 2Co 3:3 for the personal construction with  οτ as here.

They all are not ( ουκ εισιν παντες ). Not just some, but all, as in 2:21; 3:5. These antichrists are thus revealed in their true light.

Anointing ( χρισμα ). Old word for result ( ματ ) and for the material, from  χριω, to anoint, perhaps suggested by the use of  αντιχριστο in verse 18. Christians are "anointed ones,"  χριστο in this sense, with which compare Ps 105:15: "Touch not my anointed ones" ( μη αψησθε των χριστων μου ). These antichrists posed as the equals of or even superior to Christ himself. But followers of Christ do have "the oil of anointing" ( το ελαιον του χρισματος, Ex 29:7), the Holy Spirit. This word in the N.T. only here and verse 27. Later the term was applied to baptism after baptismal remission came to be taught (Tertullian, etc.).

From the Holy One ( απο του αγιου ). They receive this anointing of the Holy Spirit from the Anointed One, Jesus Christ (the Holy One). Cf. Joh 6:69; Ac 3:14.

And ye know all things ( κα οιδατε παντα ). But the best MSS. read  παντες rather than  παντα, "Ye all know it." This anointing is open to all Christians, not just a select few.

I have not written ( ουκ εγραψα ). Not epistolary aorist (2:14), but a reference to what he has just said.

And because no lie is of the truth ( κα οτ παν ψευδος εκ της αληθειας ουκ εστιν ). Not certain whether  οτ here is causal (because) or declarative (that). Either makes sense. Note the idiomatic use of  εκ and  παν--ουκ=ουδεν (no) as in verse 19.

The liar ( ο ψευστης ). The liar (with the article) par excellence. Rhetorical question to sharpen the point made already about lying in 1:6,10; 2:4,21. See 5:5 for a like rhetorical question.

But ( ε μη ). Except, if not.

That denieth that Jesus is the Christ ( ο αρνουμενος οτ Ιησους ουκ εστιν ο Χριστος ). Common Greek idiom for  ουκ to appear after  αρνεομα like redundant  μη in Lu 20:27; Heb 12:19. The old Latin retains non here as old English did (Shakespeare, Comedy of Errors IV. ii. 7, "He denied you had in him no right"). The Cerinthian Gnostics denied the identity of the man Jesus and Christ (an  αεον, they held) like the modern Jesus or Christ controversy.

This is the antichrist ( ουτος εστιν ο αντιχριστος ). The one just mentioned, Cerinthus himself in particular.

Even he that denieth the Father and the Son ( ο αρνουμενος τον πατερα κα τον υιον ). This is the inevitable logic of such a rejection of the Son of God. Jesus had himself said this very same thing (Joh 5:23f.).

Hath not the Father ( ουδε τον πατερα εχε ). "Not even does he have the Father" or God (2Jo 1:9).

He that confesseth the Son ( ο ομολογων τον υιον ). Because the Son reveals the Father (Joh 1:18; 14:9). Our only approach to the Father is by the Son (Joh 14:6). Confession of Christ before men is a prerequisite for confession by Christ before the Father (Mt 10:32; Lu 12:8).

As for you ( υμεις ). Emphatic proleptic position before the relative  ο and subject of  ηκουσατε, a familiar idiom in Joh 8:45; 10:29, etc. Here for emphatic contrast with the antichrists. See 1:1 for  απ' αρχης (from the beginning).

Let abide in you ( εν υμιν μενετω ). Present active imperative of  μενω, to remain. Do not be carried away by the new-fangled Gnostic teaching.

And this is the promise ( κα αυτη εστιν η επαγγελια ). See 1:5 for the same idiom with  αγγελια (message). This is the only instance of  επαγγελια in the Johannine writings. Here "the promise" is explained to be "the life eternal" (1:2). In Ac 1:4 the word is used for the coming of the Holy Spirit.

He promised ( αυτος επηγγειλατο ). First aorist middle indicative of  επαγγελλω.  Αυτος (he) is Christ as is seen in 3:3 by  εκεινος.

Concerning them that would lead you astray ( περ των πλανωντων υμας ). "Concerning those that are trying to lead you astray" (conative use of the present active articular participle of  πλαναω. See 1:8 for this verb. John is doing his part to rescue the sheep from the wolves, as Paul did (Ac 20:29).

And as for you ( κα υμεις ). Prolepsis again as in verse 24.

Which ye received of him ( ο ελαβετε απ' αυτου ). Second aorist active indicative of  λαμβανω, a definite experience, this anointing ( χρισμα ), from Christ himself as in verse 20. This Paraclete was promised by Christ (Joh 14:26; 16:13ff.) and came on the great Pentecost, as they knew, and in the experience of all who yielded themselves to the Holy Spirit.

That any one teach you ( ινα τις διδασκη υμας ). Sub-final use of  ινα and the present active subjunctive of  διδασκω, "that any one keep on teaching you."

Teacheth you ( διδασκε υμας ). Present active indicative. The Holy Spirit was to bring all things to their remembrance (Joh 14:26) and to bear witness concerning Christ (Joh 15:26; 16:12-15). Yet they need to be reminded of what they already know to be "true" ( αληθες ) and "no lie" ( ουκ εστιν ψευδος ), according to John's habit of positive and negative (1:5). So he exhorts them to "abide in him" ( μενετε εν αυτω, imperative active, though same form as the indicative). Precisely so Jesus had urged that the disciples abide in him (Joh 15:4f.).

And now ( κα νυν ). John tenderly repeats the exhortation, "keep on abiding in him."

If he shall be manifested ( εαν φανερωθη ). Condition of third class with  εαν and first aorist passive subjunctive as in verse 19; Col 3:3. A clear reference to the second coming of Christ which may be at any time.

That we have boldness ( ινα σχωμεν παρρησιαν ). Purpose clause with  ινα and the ingressive second aorist active subjunctive of  εχω, "that we may get boldness."

And not be ashamed ( κα μη αισχυνθωμεν ). Likewise negative purpose (after John's fashion) with  μη and the first aorist passive subjunctive of  αισχυνω, to put to shame.

Before him ( απ' αυτου ). "From him," as if shrinking away from Christ in guilty surprise. See 2Th 1:9 for this use of  απο (from the face of the Lord).

If ye know ( εαν ειδητε ). Third-class condition again with  εαν and second perfect active subjunctive of  οιδα. If ye know by intuitive or absolute knowledge that Christ (because of verse 28) is righteous, then "ye know" or "know ye" ( γινωσκετε either indicative or imperative) by experimental knowledge (so  γινωσκω means in contrast with  οιδα ).

Is begotten ( γεγεννητα ). Perfect passive indicative of  γενναω, stands begotten, the second birth (regeneration) of Joh 3:3-8.

Of him ( εξ αυτου ). Plainly "of God" in verse 9 and so apparently here in spite of  δικαιος referring to Christ. Doing righteousness is proof of the new birth.