Who am a fellow-elder ( ο συνπρεσβυτερος ). Earliest use of this compound in an inscription of B.C. 120 for fellow-elders (alderman) in a town, here only in N.T., in eccles. writers. For the word  πρεσβυτερος in the technical sense of officers in a Christian church (like elder in the local synagogues of the Jews) see Ac 11:30; 20:17. It is noteworthy that here Peter the Apostle (1:1) calls himself an elder along with ( συν ) the other "elders."

A witness ( μαρτυς ). This is what Jesus had said they must be (Ac 1:8) and what Peter claimed to be (Ac 3:15; 10:39). So Paul was to be a  μαρτυς (Ac 22:15).

Who am also a partaker ( ο κα κοινωνος ). "The partner also," "the partaker also." See Lu 5:10; 2Co 1:7; 2Pe 1:4. See same idea in Ro 8:17. In Ga 3:23; Ro 8:18 we have almost this about the glory about to be revealed to us where  μελλω as here is used with the infinitive.

Tend ( ποιμανατε ). First aorist active imperative of  ποιμαινω, old verb, from  ποιμην (shepherd) as in Lu 17:7. Jesus used this very word to Peter in the interview by the Sea of Galilee (Joh 21:16) and Peter doubtless has this fact in mind here. Paul used the word to the elders at Miletus (Ac 20:28). See 2:25 for the metaphor.

Flock ( ποιμνιον ). Old word, likewise from  ποιμην, contraction of  ποιμενιον (Lu 12:32).

Exercising the oversight ( επισκοπουντες ). Present active participle of  επισκοπεω, old word (in Heb 12:15 alone in N.T.), omitted here by Aleph B.

Not by constraint ( μη αναγκαστως ). Negative  μη because of the imperative. Old adverb from verbal adjective  αναγκαστος, here alone in N.T.

But willingly ( αλλα εκουσιως ). By contrast. Old adverb, in N.T. only here and Heb 10:26.

Nor yet for filthy lucre ( μηδε αισχροκερδως ). A compound adverb not found elsewhere, but the old adjective  αισχροκερδης is in 1Ti 3:8; Tit 1:7. See also Tit 1:11 "for the sake of filthy lucre" ( αισχρου κερδους χαριν ). Clearly the elders received stipends, else there could be no such temptation.

But of a ready mind ( αλλα προθυμως ). Old adverb from  προθυμος (Mt 26:41), here only in N.T.

Lording it over ( κατακυριευοντες ). Present active participle of  κατακυριευω, late compound ( κατα, κυριος ) as in Mt 20:25.

The charge allotted to you ( των κληρων ). "The charges," "the lots" or "the allotments." See it in Ac 1:17,25 in this sense. The old word meant a die (Mt 27:25), a portion (Col 1:12; 1Pe 1:4), here the charges assigned (cf. Ac 17:4). From the adjective  κληρικος come our cleric, clerical, clerk. Wycliff translated it here "neither as having lordship in the clergie."

Making yourselves ensamples ( τυπο γινομενο ). Present active participle of  γινομα and predicate nominative  τυπο (types, models) for which phrase see 1Th 1:7. Continually becoming. See 2:21 for  υπογραμμος (writing-copy).

To the flock ( του ποιμνιου ). Objective genitive.

When the chief Shepherd shall be manifested ( φανερωθεντος του αρχιποιμενος ). Genitive absolute with first aorist passive participle of  φανεροω, to manifest, and genitive of  αρχιποιμην, a compound ( αρχι, ποιμην ) after analogy of  αρχιερευς, here only in N.T., but in Testam. of Twelve Patrs. (Jud. 8) and on a piece of wood around an Egyptian mummy and also on a papyrus A.D. 338 (Deissmann, Light, etc., p. 100). See Heb 13:20 for  ο ποιμην ο μεγας (the Shepherd the great).

Ye shall receive ( κομιεισθε ). Future of  κομιζω (1:9, which see).

The crown of glory that fadeth not away ( τον αμαραντινον της δοξης στεφανον ). For "crown" ( στεφανος ) see Jas 1:12; 1Co 9:25; 2Ti 4:8; Re 2:10; 3:10; 4:4. In the Gospels it is used only of the crown of thorns, but Jesus is crowned with glory and honor (Heb 2:9). In all these passages it is the crown of victory as it is here. See 1:4 for  αμαραντος, unfading.  Αμαραντινος is made from that word as the name of a flower  αμαρανθ (so called because it never withers and revives if moistened with water and so used as a symbol of immortality), "composed of amaranth" or "amarantine," "the amarantine (unfading) crown of glory."

Be subject ( οποταγητε ). Second aorist passive imperative of  υποτασσω.

Unto the elder ( πρεσβυτεροις ). Dative case. Here the antithesis between younger and elder shows that the word refers to age, not to office as in 5:1. See a like change in meaning in 1Ti 5:1,17.

All ( παντες ). All ages, sexes, classes.

Gird yourselves with humility ( την ταπεινοφροσυνην εγκομβωσασθε ). First aorist middle imperative of  εγκομβοομα, late and rare verb (in Apollodorus, fourth cent. B.C.), here only in N.T., from  εν and  κομβος (knot, like the knot of a girdle).  Εγκομβωμα was the white scarf or apron of slaves. It is quite probable that Peter here is thinking of what Jesus did (Joh 13:4ff.) when he girded himself with a towel and taught the disciples, Peter in particular (Joh 13:9ff.), the lesson of humility (Joh 13:15). Peter had at last learned the lesson (Joh 21:15-19).

The proud ( υπερηφανοις ). Dative plural of  υπερηφανος (Jas 4:6; Ro 1:30) after  αντιτασσετα (present middle indicative of  αντιτασσω as in Jas 4:6 (quoted there as here from Pr 3:34).

Humble yourselves therefore ( ταπεινωθητε ουν ). First aorist passive imperative of  ταπεινοω, old verb, for which see Mt 18:4. Peter is here in the role of a preacher of humility. "Be humbled."

Under the mighty hand of God ( υπο την κραταιαν χειρα του θεου ). Common O.T. picture (Ex 3:19; 20:33, etc.).

That he may exalt you ( ινα υψωση ). Purpose clause with  ινα and first aorist active subjunctive of  υψοω. Cf. Lu 14:11; Php 2:9.

In due time ( εν καιρω ). Same phrase in Mt 24:45.

Casting ( επιριψαντες ). First aorist active participle of  επιριπτω, old verb, to throw upon, in N.T. only here and Lu 19:35 (casting their clothes on the colt), here from Ps 55:22. For  μεριμνα see Mt 6:25,31,34.

He careth ( αυτω μελε ). Impersonal verb  μελε (present active indicative) with dative  αυτω, "it is a care to him." God does care (Lu 21:18).

Be watchful ( γρηγορησατε ). First aorist active imperative of  γρηγορεω, late present imperative from perfect  εγρηγορα (to be awake) from  εγειρω (to arouse), as in Mt 24:42. For  νηψατε see 1:13; 4:7.

Your adversary ( ο αντιδικος υμων ). Old word for opponent in a lawsuit (Mt 5:25).

The devil ( διαβολος ). Slanderer. See on Mt 4:1.

As a roaring lion ( ως ωρυομενος λεων ). But Jesus is also pictured as the Lion of the tribe of Judah (Re 5:5). But Satan

roars at the saints. Present middle participle  ωρυομα, old verb, here only in N.T., to howl like a wolf, dog, or lion, of men to sing loud (Pindar). See Ps 22:13.

Whom he may devour ( καταπιειν ). Second aorist active infinitive of  καταπινω, to drink down. B does not have  τινα, Aleph has  τινα (somebody), "to devour some one," while A has interrogative  τινα, "whom he may devour" (very rare idiom). But the devil's purpose is the ruin of men. He is a "peripatetic" ( περιπατε ) like the peripatetic philosophers who walked as they talked. Satan wants all of us and sifts us all (Lu 22:31).

Whom withstand ( ω αντιστητε ). Imperative second aorist active (intransitive) of  ανθιστημ; same form in Jas 4:7, which see. Dative case of relative ( ω ). For the imperative in a subordinate clause see verse 12; 2Th 3:10; 2Ti 4:15; Heb 13:7. Cowardice never wins against the devil (2Ti 1:7), but only courage.

Steadfast in your faith ( στερεο τη πιστε ). Locative case  πιστε.  Στερεος is old adjective for solid like a foundation (2Ti 2:19).

The same sufferings ( τα αυτα των παθηματων ). An unusual construction with the genitive rather than the usual  τα αυτα παθηματα, perhaps as Hofmann suggests, "the same tax of sufferings" ("the same things in sufferings"). Probably this is correct and is like Xenophon's phrase in the Memorabilia (IV. 8. 8),  τα του γηρως επιτελεισθα (to pay the tax of old age).

Are accomplished ( επιτελεισθα ). Present (and so process) middle (you are paying) or passive (is paid) infinitive of  επιτελεω, old verb, to accomplish (2Co 7:1).

In your brethren who are in the world ( τη εν τω κοσμω υμων αδελφοτητ ). Associate-instrumental case  αδελφοτητ (in N.T. only here and 2:17, which see) after  τα αυτα (like 1Co 11:5) or dative after  επιτελεισθα. Even so  ειδοτες (second perfect active participle of  οιδα ) with an infinitive usually means "knowing how to" (object infinitive) as in Lu 12:56; Php 3:18 rather than "knowing that" (indirect assertion) as taken above.

The God of all grace ( ο θεος της χαριτος ). See 4:10 for  ποικιλης χαριτος θεου (of the variegated grace of God).

In Christ ( εν Χριστω ). A Pauline phrase (2Co 5:17-19), but Petrine also. For God's "calling" us ( καλεσας ) see 1Th 5:23f.; 1Co 1:8f.; Ro 8:29f.

After that ye have suffered a little while ( ολιγον παθοντας ). Second aorist active participle of  πασχω, antecedent to the principal verbs which are future active ( καταρτισε, to mend, Mr 1:19; Ga 6:1,  στηριξε, for which see Lu 9:51; 22:32,  σθενωσε from  σθενος and so far a  απαξ λεγομενον like  ενισχυω according to Hesychius). For  ολιγον see 1:6.

To him ( αυτω ). To God (dative case). Note  κρατος in the doxology as in 1Ti 6:16 and briefer than the doxology in 1Pe 4:11, to Christ.

By Silvanus ( δια Σιλουανου ). Probably this postscript (12-14) is in Peter's own handwriting, as Paul did (2Th 3:17f.; Ga 6:11-18). If so, Silvanus (Silas) was the amanuensis and the bearer of the Epistle.

As I account him ( ως λογιζομα ). Peter uses Paul's phrase (1Co 4:1; Ro 8:18) in giving approval to Paul's former companion (Ac 15:40).

I have written ( εγραψα ). Epistolary aorist applying to this Epistle as in 1Co 5:11 (not 1Co 5:9); 1Co 9:15; Ga 6:11; Ro 15:15; Phm 1:19,21.

Briefly ( δι' ολιγων ). "By few words," as Peter looked at it, certainly not a long letter in fact. Cf. Heb 13:22.

Testifying ( επιμαρτυρων ). Present active participle of  επιμαρτυρεω, to bear witness to, old compound, here alone in N.T., though the double compound  συνεπιμαρτυρεω in Heb 2:4.

That this is the true grace of God ( ταυτην εινα αληθη χαριν του θεου ). Infinitive  εινα in indirect assertion and accusative of general reference ( ταυτην ) and predicate accusative  χαριν. Peter includes the whole of the Epistle by God's grace (1:10) and obedience to the truth (Joh 1:17; Gal 2:5; Col 1:6).

Stand ye fast therein ( εις ην στητε ). "In which (grace) take your stand" (ingressive aorist active imperative of  ιστημ ).

She that is in Babylon, elect together with you ( η εν Βαβυλων συνεκλεκτη ). Either actual Babylon or, as most likely, mystical Babylon (Rome) as in the Apocalypse. If Peter is in Rome about A.D. 65, there is every reason why he should not make that fact plain to the world at large and least of all to Nero. It is also uncertain whether  η συνεκλεκτη (found here alone), "the co-elect woman," means Peter's wife (1Co 9:5) or the church in "Babylon." The natural way to take it is for Peter's wife. Cf.  εκλεκτη κυρια in 2Jo 1:1 (also verse 2Jo 1:13).

Mark my son ( Μαρκος ο υιος μου ). So this fact agrees with the numerous statements by the early Christian writers that Mark, after leaving Barnabas, became Peter's "interpreter" and under his influence wrote his Gospel. We know that Mark was with Paul in Rome some years before this time (Col 4:10).

With a kiss of love ( εν φιληματ αγαπης ). As in 1Co 16:20. The abuse of this custom led to its confinement to men with men and women with women and to its final abandonment (Apost. Const. ii. 57, 12).

That are in Christ ( τοις εν Χριστω ). This is the greatest of all secret orders and ties, one that is open to all who take Christ as Lord and Saviour.