He shewed me ( εδειξεν μο ). The angel as in 21:9,10 (cf. 1:1; 4:1). Now the interior of the city.

A river of water of life ( ποταμον υδατος ζωης ). For  υδωρ ζωης (water of life) see 7:17; 21:6; 22:17; Joh 4:14. There was a river in the Garden of Eden (Ge 2:10). The metaphor of river reappears in Zec 14:8; Eze 47:9, and the fountain of life in Joe 3:18; Jer 2:13; Pr 10:11; 13:14; 14:27; 16:22; Ps 36:10.

Bright as crystal ( λαμπρον ως κρυσταλλον ). See 4:6 for  κρυσταλλον and 15:6; 19:8; 22:16 for  λαμπρον. "Sparkling like rock crystal" (Swete), shimmering like mountain water over the rocks.

Proceeding out of the throne of God and of the Lamb ( εκπορευομενον εκ του θρονου του θεου κα του αρνιου ). Cf. Eze 47:1; Zec 14:8. Already in 3:21 Christ is pictured as sharing the Father's throne as in Heb 1:3. See also 22:3. This phrase has no bearing on the doctrine of the Procession of the Holy Spirit.

In the midst of the street thereof ( εν μεσω της πλατειας αυτης ). Connected probably with the river in verse 1, though many connect it with verse 2. Only one street mentioned here as in 21:21.

On this side of the river and on that ( του ποταμου εντευθεν κα εκειθεν ).  Εντευθεν occurs as a preposition in Da 12:5 (Theodoret) and may be so here (post-positive), purely adverbial in Joh 19:18.

The tree of life ( ξυλον ζωης ). For the metaphor see Ge 1:11f. and Re 2:7; 22:14.  Ξυλον is used for a green tree in Lu 23:31; Eze 47:12.

Bearing ( ποιουν ). Neuter active participle of  ποιεω (making, producing, as in Mt 7:17). Some MSS. have  ποιων (masculine), though  ξυλον is neuter.

Twelve manner of fruits ( καρπους δωδεκα ). "Twelve fruits."

Yielding ( αποδιδουν ). Neuter active participle of  αποδιδωμ, to give back, but some MSS. have  αποδιδους (masculine) like  ποιων.

For the healing of the nations ( εις θεραπειαν των εθνων ). Spiritual healing, of course, as leaves ( φυλλα ) are often used for obtaining medicines. Here again the problem occurs whether this picture is heaven before the judgment or afterwards. Charles distinguishes sharply between the Heavenly City for the millennial reign and the New Jerusalem that descends from heaven after the judgment. Charles rearranges these chapters to suit his theory. But chronology is precarious here.

There shall be no curse any more ( παν καταθεμα ουκ εστα ετ ). No other example of  καταθεμα has been found outside of the Didache XVI. 5, though the verb  καταθεματιζω occurs in Mt 26:74, meaning to curse, while we have  αναθεματιζω in Mr 14:71 in the same sense. It may be a syncopated form of  καταναθεμα. The usual  αναθεμα (curse) occurs in 1Co 16:22; Ga 1:8; Ro 9:3. For  παν with  ουκ=ουδεν see 21:27.

Shall do him service ( λατρευσουσιν αυτω ). Future active of  λατρευω, linear idea, "shall keep on serving." See 7:15 for present active indicative of this same verb with the dative  αυτω as here, picturing the worship of God in heaven. See 27:1 for "the throne of God and of the Lamb."

They shall see his face ( οψοντα το προσωπον αυτου ). Future active of  οραω. This vision of God was withheld from Moses (Ex 33:20,23), but promised by Jesus to the pure in heart (Mt 5:8) and mentioned in Heb 12:14 as possible only to the holy, and promised in Ps 17:15. Even here on earth we can see God in the face of Christ (2Co 4:6), but now in the New Jerusalem we can see Christ face to face (1Co 13:12), even as he is after we are made really like him (2Co 3:18; Ro 8:29; 1Jo 3:2). It is anthropomorphic language, to be sure, but it touches the essential reality of religion. "The supreme felicity is reached, immediate presence with God and the Lamb" (Beckwith).

His name on their foreheads ( το ονομα αυτου επ των μετωπων αυτων ). As in 3:12; 7:3; 14:1.

Shall be night no more ( νυξ ουκ εστα ετ ). As in 21:25.

They need ( εχουσιν χρειαν ). Present active indicative, "They have need," though A has  εξουσιν (shall have), future like  εστα. Here again there is repetition of part of 21:23, but for the purpose of showing the delightsomeness of the New Jerusalem with no need of lamp or sun (change to  φως with  ηλιου instead of  φωτος, "they have no light of sun").

Shall give them light ( φωτισε ). Future active of  φωτιζω, while aorist  εφωτισεν in 21:23.

They shall reign ( βασιλευσουσιν ). Future active of  βασιλευω. Reign eternally in contrast with the limited millennial reign of 20:4,6. This glorious eternal reign with Christ occurs repeatedly in the book (1:6; 3:21; 5:10) as in Lu 22:30. Christ's Kingdom is spiritual (Joh 18:36f.). "The visions of the Apocalypse are now ended; they have reached their climax in the New Jerusalem" (Swete). Now John gives the parting utterances of some of the speakers, and it is not always clear who is speaking.

He said unto me ( ειπεν μο ). Apparently the same angel as in 22:1 (21:9,15).

These words ( ουτο ο λογο ). The same words used in 21:5 by the angel there. Whatever the application there, here the angel seems to endorse as "faithful and true" ( πιστο κα αληθινο ) not merely the preceding vision (21:9-22:5), but the revelations of the entire book. The language added proves this: "Sent his angel to shew unto his servants the things which must shortly come to pass" ( απεστειλεν τον αγγελον αυτου δειξα τοις δουλοις αυτου α δε γενεσθα εν ταχε ), a direct reference to 1:1 concerning the purpose of Christ's revelation to John in this book. For "the God of the spirits of the prophets" ( ο θεος των πνευματων των προφητων ) see 19:10; 1Co 14:32. Probably the prophets' own spirits enlightened by the Holy Spirit (10:7; 11:8; 22:9).

And behold, I come quickly ( κα ιδου ερχομα ταχυ ). Christ is the speaker, either through this angel or more probably directly from Christ without introduction as in verses 12,16. About Christ coming quickly see 2:5,16; 3:11; 16:15, and already in 1:2f. Once more we must recall that  ταχυ and  εν ταχε are according to God's time, not ours (2Pe 3:8).

Blessed ( μακαριος ). This beatitude is like in substance the first (1:3) and is in Christ's own words like the one in 16:15. This book is here called a "prophecy" ( προφητειας ) as in verses 10,18,19. It is Christ's revelation from God, a direct message from God. Part of it is prediction of doom on Christ's enemies, but most of it is a comforting picture of final triumph and bliss for the faithful in a time of great distress and persecution.

And I John ( Καγω Ιωαννης ). Here John the Seer is the speaker. He had already given his name (1:1,4,9). Here he claims to be the "one who hears and sees these things" ( ο ακουων κα βλεπων ταυτα ).

I fell down to worship ( επεσα προσκυνησα ). Second aorist active indicative of  πιπτω (with  -α form) and the first aorist active infinitive of purpose of  προσκυνεω. It was a natural, though a wrong, thing to do, especially after Christ's own voice followed that of the angel "which shewed me these things" ( του δεικνυοντος ταυτα ). Genitive singular of the articular present active participle of  δεικνυω. Cf. 1:1; 4:1; 17:1; 21:9f.; 22:1,6.

See thou do it not ( Hορα μη ). The angel promptly interposes ( λεγε, dramatic present). See 19:10 for discussion of this same phrase  ορα μη when John had once before started to worship the angel in his excitement. Here we have added to the words in 19:10 "the prophets ( των προφητων ) and also "them which keep the words of this book" ( των τηρουντων τους λογους του βιβλιου τουτου ), the last a repetition from 22:7. In both places we have "Worship God" ( τω θεω προσκυνησον ). And not an angel.

And he saith unto me ( κα λεγε μο ). The angel resumes as in 19:9.

Seal not up ( μη σφραγισηις ). Prohibition with  μη and the ingressive first aorist active subjunctive of  σφραγιζω. Charles takes this to be the command of Christ because in verses 7,18 "the words of the prophecy of this book" come from Christ. But that is not a conclusive argument, though Charles, as already stated, rearranges these chapters to suit his own notion. Once only (10:4) was John directed to seal and not to write. See there for discussion of  σφραγιζω. This book is to be left open for all to read (1:3; 13:18; 17:9; 22:7,18).

At hand ( εγγυς ). As in 1:3.

Let him do unrighteousness still ( αδικησατω ετ ). First aorist (constative) active imperative of  αδικεω, viewed here as a whole. The language is probably ironical, with a reminder of Da 12:10, in no sense a commendation of their lost estate. Charles rejects this verse as not like John. It is the hopelessness of the final state of the wicked which is here pictured. So as to "Let him be made filthy still" ( ρυπανθητω ετ ). First aorist (constative) passive imperative of  ρυπαινω, old verb, to make foul or filthy (from  ρυπος, filth, 1Pe 3:21, as is  ρυπαρος, filthy), here only in N.T. The use of  ετ is not perfectly clear, whether "still" or "yet more." It is the time when Christ has shut the door to those outside who are now without hope (Mt 25:10; Lu 13:25).  Ρυπαρος occurs elsewhere in N.T. only in Jas 2:2, and  ρυπαρια (filthiness) only in Jas 1:21. So then "the righteous" ( ο δικαιος ) is to do righteousness still ( δικαιοσυνην ποιησατω ετ, first constative aorist active imperative of  ποιεω ) and "the holy" ( ο αγιος ) to be made holy still ( αγιασθητω ετ, first constative aorist passive imperative of  αγιαζω ). The states of both the evil and the good are now fixed forever. There is no word here about a "second chance" hereafter.

My reward is with me ( ο μισθος μου μετ' εμου ). It is Christ speaking again and he repeats his promise of coming quickly as in verse 7. He speaks now as the Rewarder ( ο μισθαποδοτης ) of Heb 11:6. Cf. Re 11:18; Isa 40:10; 62:11.

To render ( αποδουνα ). Second aorist active infinitive of purpose of  αποδιδωμ, to give back. Each will receive the reward according to his own work (Re 2:23; 2Co 5:10; Ro 2:26).

I am the Alpha and the Omega ( Εγω το Αλφα κα το Ο ). Applied to God in 1:8; 21:6, and here alone to Christ, crowning proof in this book of Christ's deity. So in 21:6 God is termed, as Christ is here,  η αρχη κα το τελος (the beginning and the end), while  ο πρωτος κα ο εσχατος (the first and the last) is applied only to Christ (1:17; 2:8). Solemn assurance is thus given that Christ is qualified to be the Judge of verse 12 (cf. Mt 25:31-46). In Heb 12:2 Jesus is the  αρχηγος κα τελειωτης της πιστεως (the author and finisher of faith). Christ was the Creator of the universe for the Father. So now he is the Consummation of redemption.

Blessed ( μακαριο ). This is the last beatitude of the book and "deals with the issues of the higher life" (Swete).

They that wash their robes ( ο πλυνοντες τας στολας αυτων ). Present active articular participle of  πλυνω. See 7:14 for this very verb with  στολας, while in 3:4 the negative statement occurs. Cf. 1Co 6:11.

That they may have the right ( ινα εστα η εξουσια αυτων ). Purpose clause with  ινα and the future middle of  ειμ (a common construction in this book, 6:4,11; 9:5,20; 13:12; 14:13), that there may be their right."

To come to the tree of life ( επ το ξυλον της ζωης ). "Over the tree of life." On  εξουσια επ = "power over" see 6:8; 13:7; 16:9; Lu 9:1. On "the tree of life" see 2:7; 22:2.

May enter in ( εισελθωσιν ). Purpose clause with  ινα and the second aorist active subjunctive of  εισερχομα parallel with  ινα εστα (future).

By the gates ( τοις πυλωσιν ). Associative instrumental case of  πυλων (21:12), "by the gate towers."

Without ( εξω ). Outside the holy city, with which compare 21:8,27. Dustierdieck supplies an imperative: "Out, ye dogs."

The dogs ( ο κυνες ). Not literal dogs, but the morally impure (De 23:18; 2Ki 8:13; Ps 22:17,21; Mt 7:6; Mr 7:27; Php 3:3). Dogs in the Oriental cities are the scavengers and excite unspeakable contempt.

The sorcerers ( ο φαρμακο ). As in 21:8, where are listed "the fornicators and the murderers and the idolaters," all "outside" the holy city here as there "in the lake that burns with fire and brimstone, the second death." Both are pictures (symbolic language) of hell, the eternal absence from fellowship with God. Another time Jesus spoke of "the outer darkness" ( εις το σκοτος το εξωτερον, Mt 8:12; 22:13; 25:30), outside of lighted house, as the abode of the damned. Another symbol is the worm that dies not (Mr 9:48).

Every one that loveth and maketh a lie ( πας φιλων κα ποιων ψευδος ). An interpretation of  πασιν τοις ψευδεσιν (all liars) of 21:8 and of  ποιων ψευδος (doing a lie) of 21:27. Satan is the father of lying (Joh 8:44) and Satan's home is a congenial place for those who love and practise lying (2Th 2:12). See 1Jo 1:6 for not doing the truth and see also Ro 1:25; Eph 4:25.

I Jesus ( Εγω Ιησους ). The last and most solemn attestation to the book that from Jesus (the historic Jesus known to the churches), in harmony with 1:1f.

Have sent ( επεμψα ). First aorist active indicative of  πεμπω, used here in the same sense as  αποστειλας in 1:1 as his personal messenger. It is the Jesus of history here speaking, who is also the Christ of theology and the Lamb of God.

For the churches ( επ ταις εκκλησιαις ). For this use of  επ see 10:11; Joh 12:16. It is not just for the seven churches (1:4), but for all the churches in the world then and now.

I am the root and the offspring of David ( Εγω ειμ η ριζα κα το γενος Δαυειδ ). See 5:5 for "the root of David," to which John now adds  το γενος in the sense of "offspring" (Ac 17:28f.), not of family or race (Ac 4:6; 7:13). Cf. Mt 22:42-45.

The bright, the morning star ( ο αστηρ ο λαμπρος ο πρωινος ). The Davidic King is called a star in Nu 24:17; Lu 1:78. This "day-star" ( φωσφορος ) is interpreted as Christ (2Pe 1:19). In Re 2:28 the phrase "the morning star" occurs in Christ's words, which is here interpreted. Christ is the Light that was coming into the world (Joh 1:9; 8:12).

The Spirit and the bride ( το πνευμα κα η νυμφη ). The Holy Spirit, speaking through the prophets or the Spirit of prophecy (2:7; 16:4; 18:24), joins with the bride (21:2), the people of God, in a response to the voice of Jesus just heard. After the picture of heaven in 22:1-5 there is intense longing (19:7) of God's people for the consummation of the marriage of the Lamb and the Bride. So now "the prophets and the saints" (Swete) make a common plea to the Lord Jesus to "come" ( Ερχου, present middle imperative of  ερχομα, Come on) as he has just said twice that he would do (22:1,12). The call for Christ is to be repeated by every hearer ( ο ακουων ) as in 1:3.

Let him come ( ερχεσθω ). Change of person and this verb applied not to Christ as just before, but to the one who wishes to greet Christ. The thirsty man is bidden to come himself before it is too late. See 5:6 for  διψαω, used for spiritual thirst, and in particular Joh 6:35; 7:37 for one thirsting for the water of life (21:6; 22:1). Cf. Isa 55:1.

He that will ( ο θελων ). Even if not yet eagerly thirsting. This one is welcome also. For this use of  θελω see Php 2:13.

Let him take ( λαβετω ). Second ingressive aorist active imperative of  λαμβανω. In accordance with the free promise in 21:6, "freely" ( δωρεαν ) here as there. This gracious and wide invitation is cheering after the gloomy picture of the doomed and the damned. The warnings against the dragon and the two beasts with all their dreadful consequences are meant to deter men from falling victims to all the devil's devices then and now. The door of mercy still stands wide open today, for the end has not yet come. The series of panoramas is over, with the consummation pictured as a reality. Now we drop back to the standpoint before we saw the visions through John's eyes. In verse 17 we hear the voice of the Spirit of God inviting all who hear and see to heed and to come and drink of the water of life freely offered by the Lamb of God.

I testify ( Εγω μαρτυρω ). Commentators disagree keenly about the words in verses 18,19. Charles rejects them as an interpolation and out of harmony with the rest of the book. Beckwith takes them to be John's own warning, drawn from De 4:2 "to every man that heareth" ( παντ τω ακουοντ, dative of the articular present active participle of  ακουω, which compare 1:3). Swete properly holds these verses to be from Jesus himself, still bearing solemn witness to this book, with warning against wilful perversion of its teachings.

If any man shall add ( εαν τις επιθη ). Condition of the third class with  εαν and the second aorist active subjunctive of  επιτιθημ, with  επ added with  αυτα, as also in the conclusion  επιθησε επ' αυτον (future active). This warning is directed against perversions of this book, not about the New Testament or the Bible as a whole, though it may be true there also. Surely no warning was more needed when we consider the treatment accorded the Apocalypse, so that Dr. Robert South said that the Apocalypse either found one crazy or left him so.

If any man shall take away ( εαν τις αφελη ). Also condition of the third class with  εαν and second aorist active subjunctive of  αφαιρεω, with  απο repeated both in the condition and in the conclusion ( αφελε απο, future active indicative of  αφαιρεω for the more usual  αφαιρησε ).

Which are written in this book ( των γεγραμμενων εν τω βιβλιω τουτω ). Ablative neuter plural articular perfect passive participle in apposition with  εκ του ξυλου της ζωης (from the tree of life) and  εκ της πολεως της αγιας (out of the holy city). Such a man is unworthy of his inheritance.

He which testifieth ( ο μαρτυρων ). That is Jesus (1:2) who has just spoken (22:18).

Yea: I come quickly ( Ναι, ερχομα ταχυ ). Affirmation again of the promise in 22:7,12. On  Να (Yes) see 1:7 for the Lord's assent to the call. Then John expresses his absolute belief in the Lord's promise: "Amen: come, Lord Jesus" ( Αμην, ερχου, Κυριε Ιησου ). On  Αμην see 1:7. On  ερχου see 22:17. Note  Κυριε with  Ιησου. As in 1Co 12:3; Php 2:11. For Paul's confidence in the deity of Christ and the certainty of his second coming see Tit 2:13; 2Ti 4:8.  Μαρανα θα (1Co 16:22).

The grace of the Lord Jesus be with the saints ( η χαρις του Κυριου Ιησου μετα των αγιων ). John's own benediction, an unusual ending for an apocalypse, but suitable for one meant to be read in the churches (1:3f.). Grace is Paul's unvarying word in conclusion of his letters, as is true of Heb 13:25. "The saints" or the consecrated ( ο αγιο ) is John's constant word for believers in Christ (8:3f.; 11:18; 13:7,10; 14:12; 16:6; 17:6; 18:20,24; 19:8; 20:9). It is a good word for the close of this marvellous picture of God's gracious provision for his people in earth and heaven.